New concepts on the immune modulation mediated by mesenchymal stem cells

Table 1 The effects of toll-like receptor stimulation on mesenchymal stem cells

	Effect of TLR stimulation and references
Stem cell property	TLR2 (Pam3Cys)	TLR3 (Poly(I:C))	TLR4 (LPS+)	TLR5 (Flagellin)	TLR9 (CpG-ODNs)
Proliferation
hADSCs	NC [24, 26]	NC [24, 26]	NC [24, 26]		↓ [24]
hMSCs		NC [28, 45]	NC [86], ↑ [87, 88]
muMSCs	↑ [27]		↑ [27]
Migration
hMSCs		↑ [28, 29]	↑ [28, 29]	↑ [28]	↑ [28]
muMSCs	↓ [27]
Differentiation
Cartilage
hMSCs		NC [25]	NC [25]
muMSCs	↓ [27]
Bone
hADSCs	↑ [24], NC [26]	↑ [26], NC [24]	↑ [24, 26]	NC [24]	↓ [24]
hMSCs			↑ [29], NC [25]
muMSCs	↓ [27]
Adipose
hADSCs	NC [24, 26]	NC [24, 26]	NC [24, 26]	NC [24]	NC [24, 26]
hMSCs		↓ [29]	↓ [29]
muMSCs	↓ [27]
Immune suppression
hADSCs	NC [26]	NC [26]	NC [26]
hMSCs		↑ [28, 29, 45]	↑ [45]
muMSCs	NC [27]
Immune stimulation
hADSCs	NC [24, 26]
hMSCs		↑ [25]	↑ [25, 28, 29, 45]

Down arrows indicate inhibited effect; up arrows indicate enhanced effect; NC indicates no change or effect. hADSC, human adipose-derived stem cell; hMSC, human mesenchymal stem cell; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; muMSC, murine mesenchymal stem cell; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; TLR, toll-like receptor.

ISSN: 1757-6512