Lung cancer stem cells and low-intensity laser irradiation: a potential future therapy?

Table 1 Cellular markers that may contribute to lung cancer stem cell properties

Marker	Name	Cellular function	Ligand	Cancer stem cell
				marker
				Lung	Other
CD44	Pgp-1	Hyaluronic acid receptor	Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronate-interacting growth factors, osteopontin	NSCLC	Hematopoietic, breast
CD133	Prominin-1	Modulator of intracellular accumulation of exogenous compounds (transferin-CD133-iron network) cell metabolism [29] Neurotrophic receptor RET tyrosine kinase expression [30]	No natural ligand identified [31]	NSCLC [32]	Brain, colon, pancreas
CD117	Stem cell factor receptor	Growth factor receptor	Stem cell factor	SCLC [33]	Hematopoietic
CD87	Urokinase plasminogen activator	uPA receptor	uPA	NSCLC/SCLC [34]	Unknown
SP	Side population	Drug resistance	EGFR [35] TRAIL [36]	SC/NSCLC	Hematopoietic, brain, breast
ALDH	Aldehyde dehydrogenase	Alcohol metabolism	Acetaldehyde	NSCLC [37]	Hematopoietic, breast, prostate

EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer, SC stem cell, SCLC small cell lung cancer, TRAIL tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, uPA urokinase plasminogen activator. Modified from [19].

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