Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for chronic renal failure

Table 1 Preclinical studies using mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of chronic kidney disease

Disease	Source	Dose	Route	Mechanism of action	Side effects	Reference
Diabetic nephropathy	Mice bone marrow	0.5 × 10⁶	Intravenous	Engraftment/direct effect	None	[11]
Diabetic nephropathy	Human bone marrow	2 × 10⁶	Intracardiac	Engraftment/direct effect	None	[12]
Partial nephrectomy	Rat bone marrow	1 × 10⁶	Intravenous	Paracrine effect	None	[13]
Chronic allograft nephropathy	Rat bone marrow	0.5 × 10⁶	Intravenous	Immunomodulatory effect	None	[14]
Renal revascularization	Allogeneic swine adipose tissue	10 × 10⁶	Intrarenal	Engraftment/direct effect/paracrine	None	[16, 17]
Renal artery stenosis	Autologous swine adipose tissue	10 × 10⁶	Intrarenal	Engraftment/direct effect/paracrine	None	[15]

ISSN: 1757-6512