Table 3 Previous studies of implanted cell persistence and migration in vivo

[4]

Donor, human ASCs; Recipient, SCID mice

5 × 10⁶cells injected intramyocardially in the peri-infarct region

Transduction with luciferase, GFP

10 weeks: 10% of the human ASCs were localized at the site of injection for 10 weeks. No migration detected. 3.5% differentiated into cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells.

[3]

Donor, human HL60 cells; recipient, NOD/SCID mice

Intravenous injection of 20 × 10⁶ cells stained with DIR. Rest of the cell labeling techniques were studied in vitro

Lipophilic dyes: DiI, DiD, DiR, PKH26

2 weeks: lipophilic dyes lead to rapid contamination of neighboring cells. CFSE showed good biocompatibility and staining efficiency and showed little contamination. DDAO was toxic to cells. Quantum dots provided heterogeneous staining that is not suitable for intravital microscopy (IVM). IRDye 800CW had suboptimal excitation by the 633 nm lasers used for IVM in this study

Amine reactive dye: CFSE, DDAO-SE

Nano crystals: quantum dots 70S

Antibodies: IRDye 800CW

[30]

Donor, porcine ASCs; recipient, Pigs

Subcutaneous implantation of cells seeded in collagen scaffold

BrdU labeling

4 weeks: BrdU-labeled ASCs were present but no quantification was done

[31]

Donor, MCF7 human breast cancer cells, human cord blood-derived cells, human NeoHep cells, human hepatopancreatic precursors; recipient, NOD/SCID mice

Injection into left lobe of liver, 7.5 × 10⁵ human NeoHep or cord blood cells; tail vein injection, 5 × 10⁶ MCF7 cells; intrapancreatic injection, 5 × 10⁵ hepatopancreatic precursor cells; intracardiac transplantation, 5 × 10⁵ hepatopancreatic precursor cells

DiI and red fluorescent nanoparticles Qdot655

3 weeks: FISH for human-specific Alu sequence and mouse major satellite showed that though many of DiI-labeled cells were human in origin, some were phagocytosed by murine cells. Qdot655 faded during the FISH procedure.

[6]

Donor, human ASCs; recipient, BALB/C nu/nu mice

5 × 10⁶cells injected i.m. or i.v.

Transduction with luciferase

75% of cells were lost in first week, the remainder were stable for up to 32 weeks

[28]

Donor, sheep MSCs; recipient, Merino-cross sheep

Intramuscular injection

DiI labeling and CFSE

DiI-labeled MSCs showed dye retention for 6 weeks. CFSE showed rapid signal loss over 8 days

[32]

Donor, human ASCs; recipient, BALB/C nu/nu mice

10⁶ cells injected i.m., s.c., i.v., i.p. or enclosed in a fibrin matrix

Lipofection and electroporation with luciferase, GFP

3 weeks: cells migrated and accumulated at the ventral side. A higher fibrinogen concentration limited cell mobility in the fibrin matrix