Table 1 Literature showing the tissue-regenerative abilities of different stem cells through a paracrine effect
Stem cell source | Animal model | Resident tissue | Disease model | Number of cells injected | Route of transplantation | Time of transplantation post-injury | Cell engraftment | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASCs | Rat | Heart | Myocardial infarction | 5 × 106 | Intramyocardial | 1 week | 0.5% at 30 days | Paracrine effect underlying mechanism behind increased capillary density | [71] |
BM | Rat | Heart | Myocardial cryo-damage | 2 × 107 | Infusion via femoral vein | 1 week | 14 cells per field | Stem cells modulate inflammatory response | [65] |
MSCs | Rat | Heart | Myocardial infarction | 1.6 × 107 | Intramyocardial | 1 week | Few | Paracrine effect, angiogenesis, and cytoprotection | [68] |
SM | Nude rat | Heart | Myocardial infarction | 5 × 106 | Intramyocardial | 10 days | Few cells at 30 days | Myoblast-secreted factors induced cardiac repair | [122] |
SM-CD133+ | Nude rat | Heart | Myocardial infarction | 5 × 105 to 5 × 106 | Intramyocardial | 10 days | Few cells at 30 days. CD133+ detected only by PCR | Both myogenic and bone marrow-derived cells improved cardiac function though the myogenic cells were superior | [123] |
BM | Mouse | Muscle | Femoral artery ligation (hindlimb ischemia) | 1 × 106 | Intramuscular | 24 hours | Few | Cells secrete arteriogenic cytokines | [66] |
EPCs/OECs | Nude mouse | Muscle | Hindlimb ischemia | 2 × 105 | Intramuscular | 3 to 6 hours | 33% of new vessels contained donor cells | Neovascularization through cytokines | [73] |
EPCs | Rabbit | Cerebral arteries | Common carotid artery denudation | 5 × 105 | Injection into arterial lumen | Immediately | Few colonies | Stem cells promote vasoprotection | [124] |
EPCs | Rabbit | Basilar arteries | No injury | 5 × 105 | Injection into cistern magna | NA | Few colonies | Stem cells promote vasoprotection by cyclogenase-2 via paracrine activity | [72] |
MSCs | Mouse | Kidney | Renal ischemia (kidney clamping) | 105 | Intra-arterial infusion | Simultaneous with kidney clamping | <1 cell per whole kidney section | Vasculotropic and paracrine effects | [125] |
MSC (4E) | Mouse | Kidney | Renal ischemia (kidney clamping) | 106 | Intravenously via tail injection | 24 hours | 9 to 45% at 15 to 30 days | Paracrine angiogenic chemoattraction and neovascularization | [74] |
BM-MSCs | Mouse | Skin | Excisional wound splinting | Conditioned media from cells | Subcutaneous | Immediately | NA | Conditioning media enhance wound healing by recruiting macrophages and endothelial cells | [67] |
Chondrocytes/periosteal cells | Miniature pig | Joint cartilage | Superficial chondral lesions | 5 × 105 | Press-fitting into cavity | Immediately | 0% in the repair area after 12 weeks | Donor cells secrete BMP2 and recruited bone marrow-derived cells to the injury site | [114] |
BM | Sheep | Cartilage | Full thickness cartilage defects | NA | Implants with cells | Immediately | NA | No improvement on tissue repair with increased cell loading | [126] |
Autologous MSCs | Lamb | Cartilage | Tibial growth plate defect | 4 × 106 in gel foam | Gel foam scaffold | 5 minutes | NA | MSC cells can be used to regenerate growth plate | [127] |
MSCs from fat pad | Rabbit | Cartilage | Osteoarthritis | 1 × 106 | Intra-articular injection | 12 weeks | NA | Infrapatellar fat pad-derived cells can be used to repair osteoarthritis | [128] |
hADSCs | Rat | Bone | Calvarial defect | 1 × 106 | Cell plus scaffold implant | Immediately | NA | Donor cells detected by FISH. Alendronate enhances hADSC osteogenic ability | [129] |
hESCs-CTP | Mouse | Tendon | Full thickness Achilles tendon injury | NA | Engineered tendon graft | Immediately | NA | Tendon graft made of CTP had the ability to repair tendon | [130] |
BM | Goat | Meniscus | Osteoarthritis by ACL transection and menisectomy | 10 × 106 | Intra-articular injection | 6 weeks | High level | GFP labeled donor cells detected especially at the surface of tissues | [131] |
Allogenic BM-MSCs | Human | Systemic | Osteogenesis imperfect disorder | 5.7 × 108 to 7.5 × 108 cells/kg | Intravenous infusion | NA | 1.5 to 2.0% after 3 months | Increased bone density in osteogenic imperfecta patients | [132] |