Fig. 2

Comparison of cell oxidative status of MSC. a Cell mitochondrial activity (measured by resazurin reduction assay), b mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies (quantified by PCR), c mitochondrial superoxide production (MitoSOX), and d membrane potential (JC-1 staining) were measured in MSC during cell expansion (n = 3; values represent the mean ± SEM). *p < 0.05). Gene expression of e DNA polymerase gamma-2 (POLG2), f mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), g peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and h mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 (MRPS5) by MSC was analyzed in all samples at early and late passages (n = 3; values represent the mean ± SEM). Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH and normalized to expression in early passages of vigorous MSC. *p < 0.05