Fig. 7

Van Gieson's staining on the sections of the four groups at 8 weeks showed that there was little calcified osteoid matrix (dense red color) formed in the no-implantation group (a,a1) and plain β-TCP (b,b1) scaffolds. However, in the BP/β-TCP (d,d1) and AP/β-TCP (c,c1) groups, more newly calcified osteoid matrix and bone formation were observed. (A ~ D: Scale bars = 1 mm (a–d) and 100 μm (a1–d1). e Quantitative results of the increased bone volume show that the volumes of calcified matrix in the BP/β-TCP complex group or the AP/β-TCP group were significant higher than those in the plain β-TCP scaffolds and no-implantation group (p < 0.05). β-TCP beta-tricalcium phosphate, AP autologous periosteum, BP biomimetic periosteum