Fig. 1

LLLT promoting the angiogenesis, collagen fiber formation, and mineralization in the mBMSC/BCP complex grafts. A Schematic representation of experimental design in vivo. The mice were divided into four groups: BCP group, BCP + LLLT group, mBMSC/BCP group, and mBMSC/BCP + LLLT group. The surgical area of mice undergoing LLLT (dose 1.8 J/cm², 808 nm) every other day from 7 days before operation to 14 days after operation. One or 2 months after operation, 5 mice in each group were euthanized, and the implanted grafts were isolated for histological staining. B Representative images of the graft sections stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome at 1 month after transplantation. Boxed areas in upper panel (scale bar, 500 μm) were shown in lower panel at higher magnification (scale bar, 50 μm). The red arrows marked the cells immersed in the pores of grafts, and the black arrows show the new blood vessels in the pores of grafts. C Representative images of the graft sections stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome at 2 months after transplantation. The lower panel (scale bar, 50 μm) showing the magnification in the black boxes in upper panel (scale bar, 500 μm). The black arrows showing the new blood vessels in the pores of grafts, and the yellow arrows showing the new bone tissue in the pores of grafts