Table 2 Quality evaluation of the included studies with ROB 2.0
Study | Randomization process | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garcia-Olmo 2009 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Molendijk 2015 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Melmed 2015 | Some concerns | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Some concerns |
Hawkey 2015 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Panés 2016 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Zhang 2018 | Some concerns | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Zhou 2020 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Ascanelli 2021 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Lightner 2022 | Some concerns | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Lightner 2023a | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Lightner 2023b | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |
Lightner 2023c | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk |