Table 2 The pro-survival effect of NC on MSCs in an inflammatory environment

Astragaloside

Astragaloside IV

20–200 µM

40 mg/kg

Iron loading

Bone marrow

Reversed cell viability and proliferation

Iron homeostasis and metabolism

[46]

Astragaloside and Baicalein

100 ng/ml

LPS

Bone marrow

Decreased cell apoptosis

Anti-inflammation

(MAPK/ERK↑)

[34]

Salvianolic acid

Salvianolic acid B

10 µM

Hydroperoxide

Bone marrow

Reduced ROS accumulation, attenuated caspase-3 activation, upregulated Bcl-2, and decreased cell apoptosis

MAPK/ERK ↓

[35]

Salvianolic acid C

5 mM

LPS/periodontitis

Periodontal ligament

Reduced oxidative stress markers (ROS, NO, and iNOS)

Reversed abnormal apoptotic proteins (BAX, BCL-2, Caspase-3)

TLR4/NF-kB ↓

[33]

Ginsenoside

Ginsenoside Rb1

10⁻⁶ M

Hydroperoxide

Bone marrow

Showed a good anti-oxidative effect and improved cell viability

N/A

[23]

Ginsenoside Rg1

100 μg/ml

Hypoxia and serum deprivation

Bone marrow

Reversed the upregulated expression of RhoA, ROCK-1, BAD, BAX, and increased the expression of Bcl-2, miR-494-3p

mir-494-3p↑/ROCK-1↓/Bcl-2 ↑

[45]

Ginsenoside Rg1

20 mg/kg

D-Galactose-induced aged rat

Bone marrow

Reversed cell proliferation, and exerted antioxidant effects by reducing the level of ROS and increasing the level of SOD

p16 p53 p21↓

[47]

Berberine

4 μM

Hypoxia and serum deprivation

Adipose tissue

Reduced ROS and reversed cell survival rate

Alleviated apoptosis and autophagy

AMPK↓/mTOR autophagy↓

[42]

EGCG

EGCG

Diabetes with pancreatic damage

Adipose tissue

Increased cell viability and survival protein expression, suppressed apoptotic protein markers.

Enhanced the therapeutic effect of ADSC injection on pancreatic function

p-AKT↑

SIRT↑( in vivo)

[37]

EGCG

10 μM

Thermal injury

Wharton's jelly

Reduced the number of apoptotic cells, upregulated gene expression of Bcl2l1 and downregulated Bax

ERK↑

AKT↑

[38]

EGCG

5&10&20 μM

Hypoxia

Bone marrow

Inhibited cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 and ameliorated hypoxia-caused MSC viability reduction

miR-210 ↑

[62]

Resveratrol

5 μM

LPS

Periodontal ligament

Inhibited PDLSCs apoptosis directly and through the PDLSCs-mediated apoptosis of activated T-cell

ERK/FASL↑

T-cell apoptosis

[7]

15 μg/cm²

Sterile inflammation with titanium implants

Bone marrow

Decreased the ROS production

ROS/NF-κB↓

[30]

200 μM

TNF-α

osteoporosis

Bone marrow

Rescued the impaired capacity of proliferation and migration

N/A

[29]

25 μM

Osteolysis induced by titanium

Bone marrow

Decreased the caspase-3 levels and reduced cell apoptosis

N/A

[54]

0.5 μM

Pulp-capping material

Bone marrow

Increased cell viability and decreased the percentages of early apoptotic and late apoptotic/necrotic cells

N/A

[25]

0.05 μM

Metabolic syndrome

Adipose tissue

Ameliorated apoptosis, senescence and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and restored proper functions of impaired cells through MVs derived from RSV & azacytydine treated ADSC.

Apoptotic genes: p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax↓ Bcl-2↑

ERs related genes: Atf-6, Ire-1, Eif2, Perk↓

N/A

[24]

0.05/5 μM

Metabolic syndrome

Adipose tissue

Increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis and senescence, and suppressed ROS accumulation in ADSC treated with azacytydine together

N/A

[28]