Table 3 The anti-inflammation effect of NCs on MSCs in inflammatory environment
Natural product | Inflammatory environment/disease | MSC source | Result | Signaling pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astragalus | |||||
Astragaloside and Baicalein 100 ng/ml | LPS | Bone marrow | Reduced IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α levels | MAPK/ERK ↑ | [34] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | |||||
SAC 5 mM | LPS/periodontitis | Periodontal ligament | Reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) | TLR4/NF-kB ↓ | [33] |
Ginsenoside | |||||
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) 20 mg/kg | D-Galactose-induced aged rat | Bone marrow | Reduced the inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α) and increased stem cell factor (SCF) | p16 p53 p21↓ | [47] |
Osthole | |||||
10–5 mol/L | Osteoporosis | Bone marrow | Restored the immunosuppressive ability to induce T-cell apoptosis and improved the BMSC cytotherapy efficacy in experimental inflammatory colitis and osteoporosis | FasL/Fas ↑ T-cell apoptosis | [21] |
Berberine | |||||
1–10 μM | LPS | Bone marrow | Reversed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors (Mcp-1, Tnf-α, Il-6, and Il-1β) | NF-κB ↓ | [31] |
EGCG | |||||
EGCG 10 μM | Triple-negative breast cancer | Adipose tissue | Inhibited expression of inflammatory signaling pathways (Il-1β, Il-6, Vegf-α, Hif-1α, Cox2) and suppressed cell migration induced by the cancer cell secretome |  | [77] |
EGCG 10 μM | Thermal injury | Wharton's jelly | Upregulated gene expression of Tgf-β1, Il4 and significantly downregulated expression of Il-6, Il1β | ERK↑ AKT↑ | [38] |
Resveratrol | |||||
5 μM | Colitis periodontitis | Periodontal ligament | Inhibited inflammatory T-cell infiltration, enhanced the therapeutic effect of PDLSCs transplantation, recovered epithelial structure in colitis mice, and rescued bone loss in periodontitis mice | FasL/Fas↑ T-cell apoptosis | [7] |
20–200 μM | TNF-α Osteoporosis | Bone marrow | Decreased TNF-Α-induced inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, MMP-9, IL-1Β) in a dose-dependent manner | N/A | [29] |
0.5 μM | Pulp-capping material | Bone marrow | Regulated inflammatory related genes: IL-8↓, IL-10↑, HBD-2↑, and BCL-2↑, and attenuated inflammatory process | N/A | [25] |
0.05 μM | Metabolic syndrome | Adipose tissue | Regulated inflammatory secretion: TNFα↓ IL-10↑, and restored proper functions of impaired cells through MVs derived from RSV & azacytydine treated ADSC | N/A | [24] |
50 μM | TNF-α induced inflammatory response | Bone marrow | Attenuated TNF-α induced inflammatory response by reducing IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, MCP-1 | SIRT1↑ | [40] |
50/100 μM | TNFα-induced inflammatory response | Dental pulp | Suppressed mRNA expression of Il-6, Il8 Activated autophagy | TNFα/JNK/MAPK ↓ autophagy↑ | [41] |
0.05 μM | Metabolic syndrome | Adipose tissue | Increased the TREG number, induced mitophagy in PBMCs and decreased levels of TNF-α, NO, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 co-cultured with RSV & azacytydine treated ADSC | N/A | [26] |
< 50 µM | IL-1β-induced inflammatory response | Bone marrow | Inhibited Mmp 13 expression induced by IL-1β | N/A | [27] |