Fig. 1

The heterogeneity of human UC-MSCs at single-cell resolution and subpopulations identification. A UMAP displays the clustering information of two cases of human UC-MSCs, distinguished by human UC-MSCs source (red for female human UC-MSCs, blue for male human UC-MSCs). B UMAP visualization of cluster information of 16 subclusters of two cases of human UC-MSCs. C UMAP visualization of three subtypes of two cases of human UC-MSCs. D–F Based on the expression of marker genes in each cell type, human UC-MSCs was divided into three cell subtypes: mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, D), multilymphoid progenitor cell cells (MPCs, E), and trophoblast cells (F). The violin diagram shows the expression levels of the marker genes of each subtype in the three cell subtypes (left); the UMAP heatmap shows the expression abundance of marker genes of each subgroup in all cells (medium), with red indicating high level of expression and blue indicating low level of expression; UMAP feature plot shows the expression distribution of characteristic genes in each subtype (right), in which CD44 and ENG are the primary marker genes of MSCs, C16orf74 and CRELD2 are the marker genes representing MPCs, VIM and TAGLN represent trophoblast, and the depth of color indicates the level of gene expression