Table 1 Summary of studies on human MSC heterogeneity caused by donor sex

Adipose tissue

N/A

Assessing transcriptomic profiles of ASCs derived from male and female donors using TRAM software unveiled donor-sex-related dimorphism, influencing chromosomal segments, some expressed genes, and potency variations. Also, results indicate that female ASCs are likely to differentiate into adipocytes compared to male ASCs.

[38]

Adipose tissue

M:7

F:7

Female ASCs exhibit superior immunosuppression potency compared to male ASCs in vitro, as they can consistently suppress PBMC proliferation more effectively.

[51]

Adipose tissue

M:3

F:3

Male ASCs have osteogenic differentiation more effectively than female ASCs.

[34]

umbilical cord

M:6

F:6

The expression of OCT4 and DNMT1 genes significantly elevated in UC- MSCs isolated from male, as compared to UC-MSCs isolated from female.

[40]

umbilical cord

M:5

F:5

Male fetal UC-MSCs displayed a significantly higher proliferation and adipogenic ability than female fetal UC-MSCs. Additionally, male MSCs are more potent in the inflammatory cytokines’ expression to LPS-induced inflammation.

[26]

Bone Marrow

M:28

F:25

Female BM-MSCs exhibited a significantly greater ability to suppress T cell proliferation compared to males. BM-MSCs obtained from younger female donors displayed high clonogenic potential, faster division rates, and increased frequency.

[25]

Bone Marrow

M:7

F:12

Breast cancer cells proliferate increasingly when MSCs from female donors are involved.

[31]

Bone Marrow

M:6

F:3

Female BM-MSCs’ sphingolipidome consisted of 88.35% ceramide, and 10.18% sphingomyelin. On the other hand, male BM-MSCs’ sphingolipidome included 54% ceramide, and 44.53% sphingomyelin. This difference could be associated with different influences on the cell properties.

[60]

Bone Marrow

M:26

F:32

BM-MSCs collected from osteoporotic females had more probability to exhibit an enhanced differentiation potency toward adipocytes formation; considered a non-desired differentiation outcome for bone regeneration.

[36]