Table 1 Effects of pharmacological cytoskeletal inhibitors on stem cell differentiation induced by matrix stiffness
From: Mechanism of regulation of stem cell differentiation by matrix stiffness
Chemical | Binding target | Mechanism | Stem cell types | Effects on differentiation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Blebbistatin | Myosin ATPase | Inhibits actomyosin contractility by blocking non-muscle myosin II ATPase activity | MSCs | Two-dimensional: blocks neurogenesis at 0.1 to 1 kPa, myogenesis at 8 to 17 kPa, osteogenesis at 25 to 40 kPa [6]; suppresses chondrogenesis at 1 kPa [25]; inhibits osteogenesis at 47.5 kPa [24] |
| Â | Â | Â | Mammary progenitor cells | Two-dimensional: abrogates myoepithelial cell differentiation at 4 kPa [60] |
| Â | Â | Â | MSCs | Three-dimensional: no obvious effect on hypertrophic differentiation at approximately 53.6 kPa [48]; no obvious effect on osteogenesis at 0.2 to 59 kPa [46] |
ML-7 | Myosin light chain kinase | Inhibits actomyosin contractility by blocking myosin light chain phosphorylation | MSCs | Two-dimensional: blocks neurogenesis at 0.1 to 1 kPa, myogenesis at 8 to 17 kPa, osteogenesis at 25 to 40 kPa [6] |
| Â | Â | Â | MSCs | Three-dimensional: no obvious effect on osteogenesis at 0.2 to 59 kPa [46] |
Y27632 | ROCK | Inhibits actomyosin contractility by blocking the RhoA-ROCK pathway | Mammary progenitor cells | Two-dimensional: abrogates myoepithelial cell differentiation at 4 kPa [60] |
|  |  |  | MSCs | Three-dimensional: no obvious effect on hypertrophic differentiation at ~53.6 kPa [48]; no obvious effect on osteogenesis at 0.2 ~ 59 kPa [46] |
Calyculin A | Myosin light chain phosphatase | Increases actomyosin contractility by inhibiting the myosin light chain phosphatase | Mammary progenitor cells | Two-dimensional: increases luminal epithelial cell differentiation at 0.1 kPa [60] |
Cytochalasin-D | Actin filament | Inhibits actin polymerization | ASCs | Two-dimensional: reduces the cellular area and aspect ratio of cells at 20 and 40 kPa and increases adipogenesis at 2 to 40 kPa, especially at 2 kPa [61] |
Latrunculin A | Monomeric G-actin | Inhibits actin polymerization | MSCs | Three-dimensional: increases osteogenesis at 0.2 to 59 kPa [46] |
Colchicine | Tubulin | Inhibits microtubule formation | MSCs | Three-dimensional: no obvious effect on osteogenesis at 0.2 to 59 kPa [46] |