Autologous, allogeneic, induced pluripotent stem cell or a combination stem cell therapy? Where are we headed in cartilage repair and why: a concise review

Table 4 Clinical studies applying allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells to a cartilage defect for repair

Cell type	Number of patients	Follow-up	Results	Reference
UMSC	104	48 weeks	Safe application and repair with hyaline tissue	[20] NCT01041001
UMSC	103	60 months		NCT01626677
UMSC	12	24 months		NCT01733186
SMSC				[16,17]
BMMSC with AC	35	1 year	Preliminary: safe application and repair with hyaline tissue	[3,46] NCT02037204

AC autologous chondrons, BMMSC bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell, SMSC synovium-derived mesenchymal stromal cell, UMSC umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell

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