Fig. 2

Immunoregulatory properties of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-hMSCs) by rapamycin treatment. a Expression of IL-10, IDO, and TGF-β was analyzed by real-time PCR and sandwich ELISA in Ad-hMSCs with or without rapamycin. b Immunofluorescence staining of cultured Ad-hMSCs treated with or without rapamycin with IL-10 (red), IDO (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). c T cell proliferation under Th17 polarizing conditions by rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs and untreated Ad-hMSCs. d Expression of HMGB1, IL-6, and IL-1β was analyzed by real-time PCR and sandwich ELISA in Ad-hMSCs with or without rapamycin. Data are presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation) and represent three independent experiments (n = 3). ^* P < 0.05; *** P < 0.001