From: Biodistribution, migration and homing of systemically applied mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Theme | Targeted tissues (possible mechanism) | References |
---|---|---|
Increased homing after intra-arterial delivery compared with intravenous delivery? | Kidney | |
Joints | [32] | |
Stroke | [30] | |
Other (many) tissues | [31] | |
Side effects of intra-arterial versus intravenous delivery? | Incorporation into vessel wall | |
Obstruction of microvessels | [38] | |
Vascular occlusion | [39] | |
Targeting of vessel wall and vessel-associated tissues? | Lungs, lymph nodes, intestine | [47] |
Targeting of tissues for regeneration | Myocardium | |
 Beta1 integrins | ||
 CCL2, monocytes | [52] | |
Kidney | ||
Gut and liver | ||
Skin | ||
 CCL21 | [44] | |
 JAM-A | [68] | |
Brain | ||
 P/E selectin (CD44) | [73] | |
 CXCR4/flk-1/EPO-R | [74] | |
Homing to bone marrow | Bone marrow | |
 HCELL/E-selectin | [15] | |
 Subendothelial localization | [79] | |
Biodistribution to the immune system? | Macrophages | |
Dendritic cells | [38] | |
T cells | [39] | |
Unknown target cells | Â | |
 Idoleamine desoxygenase | [43] | |
 Prostaglandin E2 | ||
Elimination mechanisms? | Antibody formation | [6] |
 | Phagocytes | [102] |
Influence of radiation on homing? | Increased in brain, heart, bone marrow, and muscles | |
Homing in malignancies? | Tumor | |
 Mediated by CCL25 | [88] | |
 Mediated by sodium iodide symporter under the control of RANTES/CCL-5 promoter | [87] | |
 Homed MSCs form tumor-associated fibroblasts | [90] | |
Formation of microvesicles | Microvesicles may contribute to/be part of MSC biodistribution | |
 Mediated by horizontal transfer of microRNAs | [96] |