From: Biodistribution, migration and homing of systemically applied mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Theme | Targeted tissues (possible mechanism) | References |
---|---|---|
Increased homing after intra-arterial delivery compared with intravenous delivery? | Kidney | [33, 34] |
Joints | [32] | |
Stroke | [30] | |
Other (many) tissues | [31] | |
Side effects of intra-arterial versus intravenous delivery? | Incorporation into vessel wall | [23, 35] |
Obstruction of microvessels | [38] | |
Vascular occlusion | [39] | |
Targeting of vessel wall and vessel-associated tissues? | Lungs, lymph nodes, intestine | [47] |
Targeting of tissues for regeneration | Myocardium | [18, 48–55] |
Beta1 integrins | [48, 49] | |
CCL2, monocytes | [52] | |
Kidney | [33, 56–63] | |
Gut and liver | [64–67] | |
Skin | [44, 68–71] | |
CCL21 | [44] | |
JAM-A | [68] | |
Brain | [72–75] | |
P/E selectin (CD44) | [73] | |
CXCR4/flk-1/EPO-R | [74] | |
Homing to bone marrow | Bone marrow | [76–81] |
HCELL/E-selectin | [15] | |
Subendothelial localization | [79] | |
Biodistribution to the immune system? | Macrophages | [37, 41, 42] |
Dendritic cells | [38] | |
T cells | [39] | |
Unknown target cells | ||
Idoleamine desoxygenase | [43] | |
Prostaglandin E2 | [37, 41] | |
Elimination mechanisms? | Antibody formation | [6] |
Phagocytes | [102] | |
Influence of radiation on homing? | Increased in brain, heart, bone marrow, and muscles | [43, 82] |
Homing in malignancies? | Tumor | [83–85, 87–92] |
Mediated by CCL25 | [88] | |
Mediated by sodium iodide symporter under the control of RANTES/CCL-5 promoter | [87] | |
Homed MSCs form tumor-associated fibroblasts | [90] | |
Formation of microvesicles | Microvesicles may contribute to/be part of MSC biodistribution | [14, 63, 93–97] |
Mediated by horizontal transfer of microRNAs | [96] |