Fig. 4
Effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. a Alveolar macrophages were seeded at 2 × 106/mL and, after adherence, treated in the presence or absence of amniotic mesenchymal cell CM and MVs. Basal release of TGF-β was assessed by ELISA after 24 and 48 h of incubation. Each dot represents the value of a single animal. b After adherence, cells were treated in the presence or absence of equine TGF-β (300 pg/mL) and LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by MTT test and TNF-α by ELISA. c After adherence, cells were treated in the presence or absence of anti-TGF-β antibody (0.2 μg/mL) or control mouse IgG (0.2 μg/mL) or CM and MVs, or LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. TNF-α release was assessed by ELISA. Results are the mean of a minimum of three experiments ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, with **p < 0.01 versus relative control cells and §§ p < 0.01 versus LPS-treated cells. OD optical density