Table 1 Flow cytometry with Annexin V and PI for analysis of necrotic and apoptotic processes in the cells after the studied cryopreservation procedures (mean ± SD)

83.88 ± 3.7

1.02 ± 0.05

1.33 ± 0.89

13.7 ± 1.7

Temperature fluctuations between –196 °C and –80 °C

5 cycles

82.7 ± 2.1

1.19 ± 0.03

2.21 ± 0.8*

14.66 ± 2.0

10 cycles

68.2 ± 2.1*

1.12 ± 0.02

2.1 ± 0.09*

27.98 ± 2.2*

20 cycles

56.8 ± 1.5*

0.54 ± 0.01

2.5 ± 0.08*

41.47 ± 3.82*

30 cycles

54.2 ± 3.1*

1.01 ± 0.02

3.05 ± 0.09*

42.68 ± 2.09*

40 cycles

52.5 ± 1.8*

0.72 ± 0.02

2.65 ± 0.15*

43.64 ± 1.28*

50 cycles

51.8 ± 1.9*

0.86 ± 0.01

1.83 ± 0.05*

46.22 ± 2.38*

Temperature fluctuations between –196 °C and –100 °C

5 cycles

81.6 ± 2.8

0.48 ± 0.02

1.67 ± 0.06

16.09 ± 1.44

10 cycles

80.2 ± 2.9

0.58 ± 0.02

2.17 ± 0.07*

17.47 ± 1.88*

20 cycles

72.0 ± 2.5*

0.89 ± 0.01

2.03 ± 0.02*

26.05 ± 3.54*

30 cycles

70.6 ± 3.1*

1.18 ± 0.02

2.96 ± 0.05*

24.11 ± 4.37*

40 cycles

64.8 ± 2.4*

0.65 ± 0.04

3.23 ± 0.01*

25.96 ± 2.78*

50 cycles

59.6 ± 3.3*

1.6 ± 0.01

1.15 ± 0.01

38.94 ± 3.64*

Temperature fluctuations between –196 °C and –150 °C

5 cycles

88.37 ± 2.7

0.55 ± 0.01

1.94 ± 0.01

11.82 ± 3.02

10 cycles

83.6 ± 1.8

0.83 ± 0.07

1.8 ± 0.09

13.64 ± 1.1

20 cycles

80.02 ± 3.2

0.57 ± 0.06

1.59 ± 0.03

17.68 ± 2.81

30 cycles

78.79 ± 4.5*

0.34 ± 0.02

1.57 ± 0.03

19.30 ± 0.77*

40 cycles

70.39 ± 4.1*

0.98 ± 0.02

1.3 ± 0.03

25.46 ± 3.39*

50 cycles

64.49 ± 3.6*

0.96 ± 0.08

1.6 ± 0.05

27.74 ± 2.7*