Fig. 5

Xenotransplantation of human C-MSCγ, but not C-MSC, induced C57BL/6 mouse calvarial bone regeneration. a H&E staining of C-MSC or C-MSCγ. b Confocal immunofluorescence images of type I collagen (green), and nuclei (blue) in C-MSC or C-MSCγ. (×100: bar = 200 μm). c Confocal immunofluorescence images of IDO (green) and nuclei (blue) in C-MSC or C-MSCγ. Upper panel shows lower magnification (×100: bar = 200 μm) and the lower panels indicates higher magnification (×630: bar = 30 μm) C-MSC: cultured in growth medium for 3 days. C-MSCγ (50): C-MSC stimulated with 50 ng/mL of IFN-γ for 24 h before the end of the culture period. d Cultured human C-MSC or C-MSCγ (50) were transplanted into a C57BL/6 mouse calvarial defect 1.6 mm in diameter without any artificial scaffold. e Micro-CT images of bone regeneration by C-MSC or C-MSCγ (50). f The calvarial defect area was scanned by micro-CT on day 28. The point indicates the individual data and the bar shows the mean (n = 4/group) ^* p < 0.05: values differ significantly (U test). g All mice were sacrificed 28 days after cell transplantation and the calvarial bones were fixed. Coronal sections were obtained and stained with H&E. Lower magnification (×100) is indicated. Bar = 200 μm. huC-MSC xenotransplantation of human clumps of a mesenchymal stem cell/extracellular matrix complex (C-MSC) cultured in growth medium for 3 days, huC-MSCγ (50) xenotransplantation of human C-MSC treated with 50 ng/mL IFN-γ for 24 h before the end of the culture period, IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenease