Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes

Table 3 Factors and results in direct cardiac reprogramming of human cells

Factors	Original cell	Markers and efficiency	AP	Ca²⁺ transient	Beating
ETS2, MESP1 [49]	DF	NKX2.5-tdTomato⁺: 30 colonies/plate (cardiac progenitor)	–	–	–
GATA4, MEF2C, TBX5, MESP1, MYOCD [32]	HCF	cTnT⁺: 5.9% α-actinin⁺: 5.5%	+	+	+
GATA4, MEF2C, TBX5, ESRRG, MESP1, MYOCD, ZFPM2 [6]	ESC, FH, neonatal skin	α-MHC-mCherry⁺: 15.8% α-MHC-mCherry⁺ & cTnT⁺: 13%	+	+	ND
GATA4, MEF2C, TBX5, MESP1, MYOCD, miR-133 [28]	HCF	cTnT⁺: 27.8% α-actinin⁺: 8%	ND	+	+
GATA4, HAND2, MYOCD, TBX5, miR-1, miR-133 [31]	HFF	cTnT⁺: 34.1%	ND	+	+
CHIR99021, A83-01, BIXO1294, AS8351, SC1, Y27632, OAC2, SU16F, JNJ [36]	HFF	cTnT⁺: 6.6%	+	+	+

Differential factors combination and original cells used in human cardiac reprogramming result in different efficiency, revealed by the expression of cardiomyocyte markers, electrophysiological characters and beating property
α-MHC α-myosin heavy chain, AP action potential, cTnT cardiac troponin T, DF dermal fibroblast, ESC embryonic stem cell, FH fetal heart, HCF human cardiac fibroblast, HFF human foreskin fibroblast, ND not detected

ISSN: 1757-6512