Table 3 Experimental studies testing the efficacy of MSC-derived EVs in DIN-AKI
Type of model | Species | Intervention | Administration method | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Mouse | Human bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Incubation in culture media | •EVs increased cell proliferation •Transferred IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor | Tomasoni et al. 2013 [45] |
In vivo model of cisplatin-induced AKI; in vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Rat | Human umbilical cord MSC-derived EVs | Intra-capsular; incubation in culture media | •EVs attenuated tubular injury, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and necrosis •Improved renal function | Zhou et al. 2013 [46] |
In vivo model of cisplatin-induced AKI; in vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Mouse | Human bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Intravenous; incubation in culture media | •EVs preserved renal structure and function •Decreased renal cell apoptosis | Bruno et al. 2012 [47] |
In vivo model of glycerol-induced AKI; in vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Mouse | Human bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Intravenous; incubation in culture media | •EVs improved renal function •Stimulated tubular cell proliferation and resistance to tubular cell apoptosis •Transferred mRNAs that control transcription, proliferation, and immunoregulation | Bruno et al. 2009 [48] |
In vivo model of glycerol-induced AKI; in vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Mouse | Human bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Intravenous; incubation in culture media | •EVs increased tubular proliferation, prevented necrosis, and preserved renal function • Exosomes and microvesicles with different molecular composition exhibited distinct renoprotective effects | Bruno et al. 2017 [49] |
In vivo model of gentamycin-induced AKI | Rat | Autologous bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Intravenous | •EVs prevented renal dysfunction, necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, and increased cell proliferation | Reis et al. 2012 [50] |
In vivo model of glycerol-induced AKI | Rat | Human bone marrow MSC-derived EVs | Intravenous | •EVs downregulated genes involved in inflammation, matrix receptor interaction, and cell adhesion molecules •EVs with downregulated miRNAs were ineffective | Collino et al. 2015 [51] |
In vivo model of cisplatin-induced AKI; in vitro, tubular epithelial cells | Rat | Human umbilical cord MSC-derived EVs | Intra-capsular | • EVs inhibited apoptosis and inflammation • Activated autophagy, which partly mediated EV renoprotective effects | Wang et al. 2017 [52] |