Fig. 1

Single donor-derived UC-ECs and UC-MCs promote spontaneous LO formation and differentiation. a Macroscopic view of spontaneously generated macro-LOs in coculture with human iPSC-endoderm, control ECs, and BM-MCs (con-EC/MC) or single-donor UC-derived ECs and MCs (donor UC-EC/MC, two donors) at 0 and 24 h. Dotted line represents the organoid area. Blue arrowhead, macro-LOs. Scale bar, 2 mm. b Percent areas of macro-LOs during spontaneous formation from 0 to 72 h. c Morphology of ΔEC/MC LOs (deletion of ECs and MCs in LOs), con-EC/MC LOs (containing control ECs and MCs in LOs), and donor UC-EC/MC LOs (containing donor UC-ECs and UC-MCs in LOs) on days 1 and 15. Scale bar, 100 μm. d ALB production capacities of ΔEC/MC LOs (n = 4), con-EC/MC LOs (n = 6), and donor UC-EC/MC LOs (four donors, n = 3 each) on day 15. e ALB, CYP3A4, G6PC, and TDO2 expression in ΔEC/MC LOs (green, n = 4), con-EC/MC LOs (blue, n = 6), and donor UC-EC/MC LOs (red, four donors, n = 12) on day 15, as determined by qPCR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ALB albumin, ns not significant, Con control, EC endothelial cell, LO liver organoid, MC mesenchymal cell, UC umbilical cord, CYP cytochrome P450, G6PC glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit, TDO2 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase