Fig. 9
The CS-C-based immunomodulatory process in wound healing. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) were harvested from transgenic C57BL/6 mice. BMSC sheets were prepared by culturing 1.5 × 105 third passage cells on culture dishes for 12 days. The BMSC sheets were then transplanted into the skin wounds of the recipient mice. Once CS-C is applied to the wound site, it induces the secretion of various chemokines. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Sdf1) increases significantly, recruiting more leukocytes, such as macrophages (M) and T helper (TH) cells, to the wound area. Abundant type I immune cells of M1 macrophages and TH1 cells are activated at approximately 7 days of repair in the pro-inflammatory stage. The temporary pro-inflammatory response leads to the rapid removal of foreign pathogens. After 7 days post-operation, the typical type I immune response, the number of M1 macrophages and TH1 cells near the wound are greatly reduced; instead, there is an increase in type II immune response, as reflected in the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Timely suppression of the type I immune reaction allows rapid tissue rebuilding, and the increase in type II anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the following stage is beneficial for tissue repairing. Through the transplantation of CS-C, rapid and effective skin wound healing occurs. Ifn interferon, IL interleukin, Tnf tumor necrosis factor