Fig. 4

Canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (cAT-MSC)-secreted TSG-6 induces macrophage phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived macrophages were cocultured in a transwell system with cAT-MSCs transfected with tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein-6 (TSG-6) small interfering (si)RNA (siTSG6-cAT-MSC), cAT-MSCs transfected with scrambled small interfering RNA (siCTL-cAT-MSC), or naive cAT-MSCs for 48 h. a M2 macrophage population was determined by measuring CD11b and CD206 double-positive cells by flow cytometry. b Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, CD206, and IL-10 mRNA expression levels in the macrophages were evaluated. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns, not significant