Fig. 5

Pre-incubation with LPA and/or S1P significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacy of transplanted hADMSCs in an acute DILI model. a Representative images and corresponding necrotic area quantification of murine liver histology stained by H&E and IHC by human albumin antibody. Scale bar = 20 μm (n = 4). After Gal/LPS co-injection with or without hADMSC administration (naive or LPA/S1P treated), changes in c hepatic human down syndrome region, d serum ALT level, e serum AST level, f hepatic MDA content, g hepatic TNF-α protein level, h hepatic caspase-3/7 activity, and i hepatic OSM mRNA level were measured (n = 4). Data from each group are expressed as means ± SEM. Statistical comparison between groups was performed with the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test to detect differences in all groups. ***p < 0.001 versus healthy group; ^#p < 0.05 versus Gal/LPS group; ^##p < 0.01 versus Gal/LPS group; ^###p < 0.001 versus Gal/LPS group; ^@p < 0.05 versus Gal/LPS + LPA or S1P pre-treated stem cell transplantation group; ^@@p < 0.01 versus Gal/LPS + LPA or S1P pre-treated stem cell transplantation group; ^@@@p < 0.001 versus Gal/LPS + LPA or S1P pre-treated stem cell transplantation group. ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Gal, d-galactosamine; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MDA, malondialdehyde; OSM, oncostatin M; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; TNF, tumour necrosis factor