Fig. 6

hES-AS distribute throughout CNS after intrathecal injection. hES-AS (400,000 cells) differentiated for 7 days transplanted intrathecally into NSG mice (into CSF through CM). a Illustration of brain and spinal cord sections performed: seven brain sections (L#1–L#7 as in [64]) and four of representative regions of spinal cord. b–d Graphical representation of AstroRx cell presence (as determined by Alu⁺ cell staining) and percent incidence of frequency scores ≥ 2 (one to three foci of 10–20 cells per foci) after 4-week (b), 17-week (c) and 39-week (d) follow up. AstroRx Cell presence calculated as incidence (%) from all samples (n) within each group. Frequency of score ≥ 2 calculated as incidence (%) of frequency scores ≥ 2 from only those sections in which AstroRx cells present. e–g Representative images of different sections demonstrating distribution of hES-AS throughout CNS using ISH with and Alu Y probe (human specific) of 17-week cohort. e Sacral region of spinal cord with numerous Alu⁺ cells (arrows) along surface of the spinal nerves (asterisks). f Brain, level 5. Arrows indicate cells along meningeal surface at many locations. g Brain, level 6. Arrows indicate Alu⁺ cells along meningeal surface along base of medulla at brain level 6. Cells attached to the pia mater (arrows). hES-AS human embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes (differentiated from APCs for 7 days)