Fig. 2
From: Neural stem cell therapy for subacute and chronic ischemic stroke
Schematic diagram of NSC transplantation illustrating multiple therapeutic benefits in ischemic stroke. Exogenous NSCs can be transplanted intravenously or directly into the damaged or penumbral parenchyma. NSCs can replace damaged neural cells in ischemic brain tissue. NSCs may also help to prevent further tissue damage in ischemic stroke through their bystander effects. These bystander effects include support of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as increased angiogenesis, and modulation of immune responses that result from ischemic insult. Abbreviations: EC endothelial cell, NSC neural stem cell