Fig. 6

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)–induced galectin-9 (Gal-9) upregulation of umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) is mediated through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. a The expression of STAT, p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK), extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK), JNK, and their phosphorylation forms were detected by Western blot analysis in unstimulated and IFN-γ–stimulated UC-MSCs. b Total mRNA of UC-MSCs was extracted after the activation of IFN-γ with JNK or STAT inhibitors and then analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the expression of Gal-9. Bars represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM); n = 3 per group. ***P <0.001