Fig. 1

Characterization of tissue-engineered graft for urinary bladder augmentation. a, b Bladder acellular matrix microstructure. Scanning electron microscopy (bar 2 μm, 200 nm). c–g Analysis of bladder acellular matrix (BAM) extract cytotoxicity. c Viability of ADSCs after 24 h exposition to 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% BAM extracts, MTT assay. d–g Growth of ADSCs in real time after 24, 48, and 72 h exposition to 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% BAM extracts, X-Celligence, *p < 0.05. h Flow cytometric quantification of PKH-26-labeled ADSC apoptosis before and 1 day and 7 days after the seeding on BAM, respectively. i–k PKH-26 fluorescently labeled ADSCs (red) before and 1 day and 7 days after the seeding on BAM, respectively. Cell nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue), scale bars = 100 μm. l–r Immunohistochemical staining of PKH-26-labeled Ki-67 in ADSCs seeded on BAM in short 1-day (l, m) and long 7-day (n–r) culture, an objective magnification × 4 and × 10. ADSCs forming multilayer on the surface of the BAM (l–o) and migrating through BAM are observed (p, r)