Fig. 2

a Urinary bladder reconstruction: hemicystectomy, urinary bladder augmentation with stem cell seeded (b) and unseeded BAM (c): intra-abdominal adhesions, augmented bladders, and isolated reconstructed bladder walls at 3 months following the surgery. d Survival and complications. No stone formation, signs of infection, or hydronephrosis were observed in examined animals. Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions were measured using the following scale: 0: lack of adhesions; 1: minimal adhesions easy to separate; 2: moderate adhesions hard to separate; 3: dense adhesions that could be separated with a sharp tool. e Blood levels of creatinine, sodium, and potassium were normal at 7 and 30 days postoperatively, in all animals