Fig. 2

MSC encapsulation technologies. The techniques for encapsulation of MSCs to maintain their viability, proliferation, and differentiation function to deliver the cells into damaged tissues in a 3D microenvironment are achieved through a micromolding (reproduced with permission from Reference [38]. Copyright 2013 John Wiley and Sons), b electrostatic droplet extrusion, c microfluidics (reproduced with permission from Reference [87]. Copyright 2013 Springer Nature and reproduced with permission from Reference [65]. Copyright 2017 IOP Publishing), and d bioprinting (reproduced with permission from Reference [107]. Copyright 2018 IOP Publishing) technologies. These technologies create various types of cell encapsulation platforms (e.g., microbeads, bulk matrices, and fiber) and specific shapes