Fig. 6

SHED corrected the immune imbalance and promoted the expansion of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺Treg cells in vitro. a The addition of SHEDs led to the downregulation of IL-4 and IL-17 levels and the upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-10, PGE₂, and TGF-β₁ levels. Although BMMSCs showed similar immunomodulation ability, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were not significantly different from those of the PHA-stimulated PBMC (n = 10). b In addition, both SHEDs and BMMSCs upregulated the proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺Treg cells in CD4⁺ subsets compared to the PHA-stimulated PBMC group, and the ratio of Treg cells in the SHED group was significantly higher than that in the BMMSC group (n = 5). The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < .05, **p < 0.01, ***p < .001, n.s. no significance