Fig. 4

The anti-inflammatory effects of human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are mediated via the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. BV-2 cells were either left untreated or stimulated with LPS and/or co-incubated with exosomes for 15, 30 or 60 min. Western blot analysis of the expression of a NFκB inhibitor IκBα and the phosphorylation of MAPK family molecules b ERK, c JNK, and d p38. Error bars illustrate mean ± 95% CI of n = 4 biological replicates. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 CI confidence interval, Exo exosome, p phosphorylation, IκBα nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NFκB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells