Fig. 5
In vivo bone regeneration of autogenous pGMSCs in minipigs maxillary bone defects model. a Macroscopic view of surgical procedure of bone defect model in Minipigs. Defects measuring 12 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth were prepared on each side of the maxillary. b CBCT images of grafts in maxillary bone defects at 2 months post-implantation. Maximum intensity projection full range visualization (Ac), were created using the Software NNT viewer. Images of 0.5-mm-thick free-cut specimens were generated across the four implants (yellow rings) individually. b1, autogenous bone blocks; b2, Bio-Oss®/pGMSCs/1 μM SB431542; b3, Bio-Oss®/pGMSCs; b4, Bio-Oss®. pGMSCs, pig gingival mesenchymal stem cells; CBCT, cone beam computed tomography. c Coronal images of Micro-CT show the different reparation effects of grafts. c1, autogenous bone blocks; c2, Bio-Oss®/pGMSCs/1 μM SB431542; c3, Bio-Oss®/pGMSCs; c4, Bio-Oss®. d The average CT value and bone density (BD) of new bone in the bone defects varied between the different groups analyzed by micro-CT. BD, bone density. n = 3, in each group. e Representative images of sections stained with Masson and H&E retrieved from minipigs after implantation for 2 months. B, mature bone; CT, connective tissues; NB, new bone. Scale bars, 200 μm. H&E, Hematoxylin-Eosin; f Quantification of the new bone formation by H&E and Masson staining. n = 3 pigs/group, 5 views each. n = 3 pigs/group. Data represent mean ± SEM. ns, no statistically significant difference p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test