Fig. 9From: Mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells maintain stemness through the PTEN-Akt-mTOR autophagic pathwayPTEN-Akt-mTOR autophagic signaling. a Western blot showing the levels of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated PTEN, AKT, and mTOR proteins before and after osteogenic differentiation. b Western blot showing the levels of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated PTEN, AKT, and mTOR proteins before and after VO-OHpic trihydrate treatment. c Schematic illustration of the autophagic pathway. N = 3; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01Back to article page