Fig. 3
NVs are taken up by macrophage cells via endocytic pathway. a NVs (1 × 109) were incubated with RAW 264.7 cells for 6 h. NVs, cell membrane, and nuclei were stained by DiO (green), Cellmask Deep Red (red), and DAPI (blue), respectively. Scale bars, 20 μm. b RAW 264.7 cells were treated with DiO-labeled NVs for 0, 3, 6, and 12 h; then the uptake of the labeled NVs by cells was analyzed with flow cytometry; and data show the percentage of DiO-positive cells of three independent experiments. c Cells were pretreated with dynasore for 1 h at 37 °C, followed by incubation with DiO-labeled NVs for 6 h at 37 °C. Additionally, NVs were treated to the cells for 6 h at 4 °C. The uptake of the fluorescently labeled NVs by cells was analyzed with flow cytometry, and data represent the percentage of DiO-positive cells of three independent experiments. ***P < 0.001; versus the 0 h group. Error bars indicate SEM