Fig. 3

Exo and MSCs combined therapy promoted angiogenesis in the infarcted hearts. a Arterioles at the border zone on 5 weeks after AMI were identified by staining with α-SMA (green) and nuclei (blue). b Quantification of α-SMA+ cells in A (n = 5). c Capillary at the border zone on 5 weeks after AMI was identified by staining with CD31 (green) and nuclei (blue). d Quantification of CD31+ cells in c (n = 5). All data are mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 vs. AMI group; ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001 vs. Exo group; ^$$p < 0.01, ^$$$p < 0.001, ^$$$$p < 0.0001 vs. MSC group; ^&&p < 0.01, ^&&&&p < 0.0001 vs. Exo + MSC^d1 and Exo + MSC^d7 groups. Scale bar = 50 μm