Stem cell type | With control study | Number of patients | Sex male/female | Mean age (years) | Mean history of disease (years) | Mean dose of injected cells | Mode of injection | Mean follow-up period | Glycometabolic control | β cell function | Insulin sensitivity | Immunological recovery | Complications | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM-MNCs | – | 25 | 17/8 | 55.8 | 13.2 | – | Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | 4/15 insulin-free, 13/15 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, HbA1C decreased 29.5% | C-Pep improved | – | – | No adverse effects | Estrada et al. [43] |
BM-MNCs | Yes | Ctrl 20 MNCs 20 | 11/9 12/8 | 54.9 56.4 | 9.5 9.8 | MNC 4.0 × 109 | Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | Insulin dose decreased 30%, HbA1C decreased 13% in the treated group | FCP improved | – | – | Transient abdominal pain Punctual hemorrhage | Wu et al. [44] |
BM-MNCs | – | 10 | 8/2 | 57.5 | 14.6 | MNC 3.5 × 108 (CD34+  3.1 × 106) | Intra-pancreatic | 6 months | 3/10 insulin-free, 7/10 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, HbA1C decreased 13.1% | FCP, glucagon-stimulated C-Pep improved, HOMA-β increased | HOMA-IR no change | – | Hematoma Hemoglobin Respiratory infection | Bhansali et al. [45] |
BM-MNCs | – | 31 | – | – | – | MNC 3.76 × 109 | Intra-pancreatic | 24 months | 7/26 reduced insulin requirements, HbA1C decreased 18.4% | C-Pep improved | – | – | – | Wang et al. [46] |
BM-MNCs | Yes | Ctrl 62 MNCs 56 | 36/18 38/18 | 50.2 50.4 | 7.3 8.6 | MNC 2.8 × 109 | Intra-pancreatic | 33 months | 18/56 insulin-free, 37/56 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, HbA1C decreased 13.1% in treated group; Insulin dose increased gradually in control | FCP, PCP improved in treated group; decreased in control | – | – | No adverse effects | Hu et al. [47] |
BM-MNCs +P-MNCs | Yes | Ctrl 10 MNCs 11 | 7/3 9/2 | 54 51 | 20 12 | MNC 2.9 × 108 (CD34+ 3.2 × 106) P-MNC 4.9 × 108 (CD34+ 5.8 × 106) | Twice treatment Intra-pancreatic IV | 12 months | 9/11 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, 10/11 maintain HbA1c < 7% in treated group | Glucagon-stimulated C-Pep improved in treated group, HOMA-β no difference | HOMA-IR lower in treated group | – | Punctual related effects | Bhansali et al. [48] |
BM-MNCs/MSCs | Yes | Ctrl 10 MNCs 10 MSCs 10 | 6/4 7/3 8/2 | 53.5 44.5 50.5 | 14 13 15 | MNC 1.1 × 109 (CD34+ 1.8 × 107) MSC 8.35 × 107 | Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | 6/10 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, maintain HbA1c < 7% in both treated groups; None improved in the control group | Glucagon-stimulated C-Pep improved in the MNC group | ISI improved in MSCs group | – | Punctual hemorrhage Hypoglycemic | Bhansali et al. [49] |
WJ-MSCs | – | 22 | 15/7 | 52.9 | 8.7 | 1 × 106/kg | Twice treatment IV Intra-pancreatic | 12 months | 7/17 insulin-free, 12/17 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50% HbA1C decreased 15% | FCP improved; HOMA-β increased | – | T lymphocytes decreased, IL-6 and IL-1β reduced | Punctual hemorrhage Fever C-pep temporary decreased | Liu et al. [50] |
WJ-MSCs | – | 6 | 6/0 | 40.5 | 3.6 | 0.88 × 106/kg 0.87 × 106/kg | Twice treatment IV | 24 months | 3/6 insulin-free, | FCP, PCP improved | – | – | No adverse effects | Guan et al. [51] |
WJ-MSCs | Yes | Ctrl 30 MSC 31 | 16/14 17/14 | 53.2 52.4 | 8.3 8.93 | 1.0 × 106/kg | Twice treatment IV | 36 months | 10/31 insulin-free, 18/31 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, HbA1C decreased 25.8% in treated group; Insulin dose increased gradually in control | FCP improved; HOMA-β increased | HOMA-IR decreased trend | – | Hypoglycemia | Hu et al. [52] |
UC-MSCs | – | 18 | – | – | – | 1 × 106/kg | Thrice treatment IV | 6 months | Insulin requirements without reduced | C-Pep without improved | – | Tregs increased trend | Fever | Kong et al. [53] |
PD-MSCs | – | 10 | 7/3 | 66 | 11 | 1.35 × 106/kg | Thrice treatment IV | 6 months | 4/10 reduced insulin requirements ≥ 50%, HbA1C decreased 31.6% | C-Pep improved | – | – | No adverse effects | Jiang et al. [54] |
CB-SCs | – | 36 | 21/15 | 52 | 14 | Stem cell educator therapy | 14 months | Insulin dose, oral medications, HbA1C decreased | FCP improved; HOMA-β increased | HOMA-IR reduced | TGF-β1, CTLA-4 increased; IL-17, IL-12,IL-4, IL-5,CD86 + CD14+ monocytes decreased; increased | Punctual-related effects | Zhao et al. [55] |