Fig. 4

a Heat map of top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) expressed in hiPSC-derived oligodendrocytes (representative map from three independent experiments). Representative Gene Ontology (GO) of b upregulated genes and c downregulated genes in GANT61-OPCs compared to control OPCs (n = 192). d The expression level of significant DEGs of interest from the single-cell transcriptomic analysis in GANT61 and control OPCs (n = 192). Representative phase-contrast image of e GANT61-oligodendrocytes and f myelin basic protein (MBP) staining of GANT61-oligodendrocytes. g The representative phase-contrast image of co-culture GANT61-oligodendrocytes with rat DRG. The cell morphology of two GANT61-oligodendrocytes (yellow arrow) projected their processes toward the axon of rat DRG (red arrow). The asterisk indicates where the oligodendroglial membrane initiated to enwrap axonal process, which appeared as the thicker patterns comparing to thinner bare axon or non-myelinated segments. h Multilayered myelin is seen in co-cultures GANT61-oligodendrocytes with rat DRG under TEM (n = 3). i A higher magnification image of the myelin sheath showing light and dark bands. j The formation of compact myelin sheath in shiverer mouse brain after transplanted with GANT61-OPCs in the corpus callosum (n = 3). k, l Higher magnification images of the compact myelin sheaths. m Transplanted cells were detected in the shiverer mouse brain (in the corpus callosum) by co-labeling with anti-human nuclei antibody (red) and anti GFP stain (green) 2 weeks after transplantation. Error bars indicate SD, “A” indicates axon. Scale bar g 10 μm; h 500 nm; i, k, l 100 nm; j 1 μm