Fig. 3

Protective effects of MSCs on rhesus macaques. Parameters related to glycemic control and renal function were measured and analyzed before (month 0), during (months 1, 2), and after (months 3, 6, 9, 12) normal saline or MSC infusion. a Fasting blood glucose (FBG), b HbA1c, c daily required insulin dose, d Levels of serum creatinine (Scr), e blood urea nitrogen (BUN), f estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), g uric acid, h urine microalbumin, and i ratio of urinary microalbumin to creatinine (UACR) were analyzed. NS: normal saline; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells. Each bar represents the mean ± s.e.m. Normal (n = 3), DN + NS (n = 4), DN + MSCs (n = 6). *p < 0.05: before versus after in DN + MSC group and DN + MSC group versus normal group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001: DN + NS group versus DN + MSC group after NS or MSC transplantation