Fig. 2

Differentiation of CD51⁻bMSCs and CD51⁺bMSCs. a Adipogenic differentiation; cells were stained with oil red O after 14 days of culture. b Osteogenic differentiation; cells were stained with Alizarin Red after 14 days of culture. c Chondrogenic differentiation; sections of cell balls were stained with toluidine blue after 21 days of culture. d Relative mRNA expression of the indicated clusters (adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic); the gene expression levels were normalized to GAPDH (n = 3). e Representative image of CD105 expression of CD51⁻bMSC and CD51⁺bMSC was determined by flow cytometry. Red histogram is the negative control. The left side of the blue histogram (in the negative control part) represents the negative expression of CD105 marker; the right side represents the positive expression of CD105 marker. Data in all panels are presented as the mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Scale bars are marked in the figure