Fig. 10

Contractile function using hCM from different hiPSC line. a Developed force, b rate of contraction (+dF/dt), and c rate of relaxation (−dF/dt), for hCM-only controls (red circle), and hCSC-supplemented hECTs (blue triangle), at day 6 after tissue fabrication. d Developed force at days 8 and 10 after tissue fabrication. Measurements performed at 1.25-Hz pacing frequency; values normalized to mean control hECT; n = 3 per group for all analysis except day 10, n = 2 for hCM-only controls, and n = 3 for hCSC-supplemented hECTs. Dot plots show individual data with bars representing mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001