Fig. 6

The ERK and BMP2 signaling pathway is activated by high extracellular Mg²⁺ in DPSCs during odontogenic differentiation. a ERK phosphorylation was significantly enhanced in DPSCs treated with 1 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM Mg²⁺ compared with the 0 mM Mg²⁺ group, but p38 and JNK phosphorylation amounts were unchanged. b ERK phosphorylation was reduced by 2-APB. c Consistently, the protein levels of BMP2, BMPR1, and phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 were significantly increased in DPSCs exposed to high extracellular Mg²⁺. d BMP2, BMPR1, and phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 protein amounts were decreased by 2-APB