Fig. 5

The effect of ESCs-sEVs on granulosa cells was inhibited by a PI3K/AKT inhibitor. a ESCs-sEVs promoted the proliferation of granulosa cells, while the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 reversed this effect. b The proliferation ratio of granulosa cells with/without ESCs-sEVs or LY294002. c CCK-8 tests indicated that the proliferation activity of granulosa cells was obviously inhibited in the presence of LY294002 as the time passed, which was consistent with the EdU test. d ESCs-sEVs increased the level of AMH synthesized by granulosa cells, while it was suppressed by LY294002. e The AMH secretion curve is shown in different groups at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. f ESCs-sEVs increased the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, as detected by Western blotting, and they inhibited the downstream apoptosis pathway. The results are presented as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ESCs-sEVs versus control group. ^###P < 0.001, ESCs-sEVs versus ESCs-sEVs + LY294002 group