Fig. 1

Concept of the flow-through prefabrication method (a, b) and study design (c, d): a Vascular pedicle types: arteriovenous loop, arteriovenous bundle and flow-through pedicle. b New prefabrication method examined by the 3D reconstruction of μCT imaging showing the incision containing the scaffold from one side and its opening and the insertion of the flow-through type vascular pedicle into it. c Three groups of six rats each were used: a non-seeded group, an ASC-seeded group and an ASC-seeded osteogenic induced group. d Two methods of prefabrication were tested in each rat: classic prefabrication with the vascular pedicle outside the scaffold (vessel ingrowth only from outside) and flow-through prefabrication with the vascular pedicle inside the scaffold with a flow-through pedicle model (vessel ingrowth from outside and inside)