Fig. 3

The factors secreted by M1 macrophages upon treatment with exosomes from ASCs become M2-like. a–f M1 macrophages were incubated with 30 μg/ml Nor/Exo or Hyp/Exo for 48 h. The cells were then washed and incubated in fresh Macrophage-SFM for another 48 h. The culture medium was collected as conditioned medium (CdM). The concentrations of M1-associated cytokines, GM-CSF (a) and IL-6 (b); M2-associated cytokines, M-CSF (c) and IL-10 (d); and M2-associated growth factors, VEGF (e) and bFGF (f), in CdM were measured using ELISA. M2 was used as a positive control. g–i CdM from exosome-polarized M2-like macrophages promotes angiogenesis in CMVECs. M1 macrophages were incubated with 30 μg/ml Nor/Exo or Hyp/Exo for 48 h. The cells were then washed and incubated in fresh Macrophage-SFM for another 48 h. The culture medium was collected and used as CdM. CMVECs were treated with various CdMs from macrophages. Cell proliferation (g), migration (h), and tube formation (i) assays of CMVECs were performed as described in the “Materials and methods” section. CdM from M2 was used as a positive control. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD of n = 3