Fig. 5

Effects of BMSC-EVs on TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells. a The protein expressions for α-SMA, E-cadherin, and Fibronectin were detected by Western blot. b The protein levels of α-SMA, E-cadherin, and Fibronectin were expressed as arbitrary densitometric units and normalized by the value of GAPDH. c The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected with ELISA kits. d, g Representative images of HK-2 cells stained with JC-1 and red/green fluorescent ratio in different groups. e, i Representative image of HK-2 cells stained with 2′7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Quantification of DCFH-DA. f, j Rate of cell apoptosis as qualified by flow cytometry. h The ATP content of HK-2 cells in different groups. Scale bar 100 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (compared with the Sham group); ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 (compared with the TGF-β1 group)