Table 3 SVF cells for diabetic foot and its pros and cons

Separation methods

Enzymatic digestion

Simple and convenient; possible immune response

[52]

[53]

Physical method

Safety; long digestion time; low cell yield

Cell populations

Multi-cellular components

Wide source; without culture; safety; effective

[57]

Mechanism

Differentiation

Direct action; directly involved in vascular reconstruction

[61]

Paracrine action

Secrete various cytokines; promote vascular remodeling

[66, 69, 71]

Cytokine action

Cytokine interaction; promote cell proliferation and migration

[77]