Fig. 2
Rg3 reduces oxidative stress and increases mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. a Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under basal and H2O2-treated conditions was measured using flow cytometry with DCF-DA staining. b, c Alterations in protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor (Tfam), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), phosphorylated p70S6 kinase (S6K), and electron transport chain proteins (NDUFB8, SDHB, UQCRC2, MTCO1, ATP5A). d–f Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR; d) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; e) were measured using the Seahorse XFe96 metabolic flux analyzer and f the energy map of ECAR and OCR values was constructed. Data are presented as the means ± SEMs; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001